Air Pollution in Kolkata Essay Example

Air Pollution in Kolkata Paper Air Pollution in Kola an economic analysis According to statistics released by the Scientific and Environmental Research Institute, quoting government figures, Kola had a suspended particulate matter (SUM), the measure of pollution, at a steep 511 compared to Delis 234 and Mambas 322. That earns Kola the crown for the most polluted city in the country a distinction reserved for New Delhi for last few years. Iambi is the second most polluted city after Kola in terms of air pollution. Now Delhi ranks third while among all areas of the country allowing Achaean at fourth position; Fedora is the safest city to live in. The figures above are not merely some figures taken out from some fanciful statisticians workbook, they mean much more to those who are affected. Kola now accounts for more deaths due to lung cancer and heart attack than any other city in the country including the capital city of Delhi, which had the highest level before Kola overtook it. More than 18 persons per one lake people in Kola fall victim to lung cancer every year compared to the next highest 13 per one lake in Delhi, according to environmental scientist ND advisor of Statistician National Cancer Institute (ZINC), Twists Lair (1). We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution in Kolkata specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution in Kolkata specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Air Pollution in Kolkata specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The most affected are children; apart from the life threatening diseases mentioned above, many of them suffer from lifelong ailments as such Asthma. People exposed to prolonged periods to this pollution, the roadside hawkers, shop owners, traffic policemen, auto-rickshaw drivers, rickshaw- pullers and others who spend long hours on the road, were the most vulnerable. Like children, they also face very high risk of potentially devastating health consequences of the pollution. So what causes this active externalities and inefficiency? Why the problem propped up to such a level? What measures can restore the health of such a common property resource like air? Major producers of the air pollution are vehicle operators in Kola and adjoining regions. Till December 2008, there were 14 Lake vehicles registered in the city ? among them 9. 5 lake private and 4. 5 lake commercial. Studies show that only 1 in 6 vehicles in the city gets pollution tested; although all of the commercial and private vehicles are supposed to be pollution tested twice a year. Earlier actions by government to address the sue, such as scrapping of 15 year old commercial vehicles, could not succeed due to stiff resistance from powerful unions and lobbies. Even a court order towards that met an agitation by bus and taxi operators of the city (July 24, 2009). One of their main contentions was that measures to reduce the pollution will actually increase their marginal cost of production (transport service) and less people will avail transport services causing industry revenue to come down. Economically, however, the output should actually go down. What is happening here is that the vehicle operators are unwilling to recognize the marginal external cost to the residents. If they recognized that then marginal social cost of their product should have gone up (Marginal Social Cost Marginal Cost + Marginal External Cost) resulting in lowering of the level of output. Thus lowering of the output would have actually been consistent with the laws of economics. Another reason of pollution is the raising number of building construction projects around the city. The massive high rises and glitzy malls are coming up in a very short period of time. Construction projects are creating fine dust particles that are eroding the air of Kola. Surely the pace of so called development is actually causing the air full of silica, which is very harmful for the human lungs. Here also we see that firms (construction companies) producing output at a higher rate than what is socially acceptable. We also witness moral hazard on the part of government officials and industry bodies, who are well acquainted of the pollution issues, who are turning a blind eye to the issue. In many occasions they refuse to recognize the marginal external cost of residents due to this pollution or attribute a lower marginal external cost to he problem. There are Other more complex reasons that attributed to the pollution problem. Due to lack of industrialization of the state of West Bengal, the demand for labor has become less (the demand curve shifted left). Also due to historical reasons such as influx of refugees during partition of India, the supply of labor has always been more than adequate. Due to efficiency wage theory, there has always been some unemployment. Prevalence of unions in the state also made sure that the employment remains less than the point of economic equilibrium. Adding all those, the state and its capital got a very high rate of unemployed population, mainly youth. They constitute the most of the auto rickshaw drivers, the heavily polluting unlicensed street food vendors etc. As the issue of pollution, in this case, is intermingled with the issue of economics that drive employment as well. While the residents Of Kola had started to rise up to the issue of pollution almost a decade back, a movement for cleaner environment never really reached a significant level. As air is a non-exclusive public good, majority of the population remained ere riders in the hope that small number of environment activists will ensure pollution free air in the city. There also has been a concern that strict measures to curb pollution could raise the transport costs significantly. Kola Municipal Corporation faced resistance from not only from construction industry but from common residents when it tried to enforce stricter requirements for construction projects as they feared increase of already skyrocketing property prices due to those requirements. In short, most of the measures proposed for cleaner air were defeated as majority of he city dwellers were not ready to pay price for a cleaner air and wanted to enjoy free riding. The only hope now rests on the recent court judgments forcing both local government and the polluting industries to take appropriate measures to control pollution. By doing that, judiciary actually recognized the property right of clean air for Kola residents. In a landmark high court directive on auto rickshaws, the court has asked the vehicles older than 15 years, which emit 20 times more fumes than new ones, to be withdrawn from the city roads.

Career as A College Professor

Career as A College Professor Free Online Research Papers The career I choose to explore is a profession as a college professor. Based on the interest profiler and work value sorter, I believe I posses the interests, and skills to succeed in the career path. My primary interest is social. I enjoy assisting people in varies ways, I am capable of working in groups, and I have good verbal and nonverbal communication skills. My secondary interest is in enterprising. I can effectively lead and manage others, respond well to competition, and working as part of a team. Also, I am willing to take chances; I value status, power, money, and material possessions (Your Top Interest Areas). I describe myself as ambitious and energetic. I have skills in the following areas: mathematics, active listening, science, speaking, learning strategies, critical thinking, writing, reading comprehension, active learning, and monitoring (Your Basic Skills). In my opinion, these skills will help me to succeed at this profession. To be a college professor you must have interests in investigative, social, and artistic (Is This For You). I already posses a social interest and believe I can obtain the others with practice and work in those areas. The skills needed to excel in this career are being able to understand written sentences and paragraphs, listening to others and ask relevant questions, you must be able to communicate through writing with students and peers. You must be able to convey information through speak, use mathematics to solve problems, use the scientific method to solve problems, identify and analyze the strengths and weaknesses of different learning strategies, work to learn new information so you can better teach it to your students. Also, you must be able to vary your learning strategies to cater to your students different learning styles, and you must be able to monitor them to ensure your students are understanding the information you are conveying to them (Skills You Need). In this profession, I will have to perform many duties. I will have to develop teaching materials, prepare and give exams, grade assignments; papers, class work, and homework. I will need to prepare and give speeches, and lectures to my students. Also, I will compile, administer, and grade examinations (What They Do). Professors can expect to earn $33,155 $69,582 annually with the average being $69,582 or between $15.94 and $30.60 hourly with an average of $25.72 in Florida. Although the national earnings are higher were professors earn $60,798 $103,688, with a national average of $87,276 (Money and Outlook). To be a college professor, I must obtain a Masters Degree. I plan to finish my Associates of Arts at Daytona State College. After receiving my AA, I plan to continue at Daytona State to get my Bachelors of Arts. With a BA I could teach kindergarten through high school, but I plan to get my Masters. I am currently undecided on where I will transfer to get my Masters. In conclusion, I feel I am well suited for a career as a college professor. My interests, and skills, in my opinion, match up well with the interest and skills required to excel as a professor. Research Papers on Career as A College ProfessorStandardized TestingHip-Hop is ArtThree Concepts of PsychodynamicThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseResearch Process Part OneIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalTwilight of the UAWBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfBringing Democracy to AfricaThe Effects of Illegal Immigration

Research Component Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Research Component - Essay Example The individuals belonging to both the genders were interviewed. After the research process, the hypothesis was upheld. Crime is a social phenomenon and exists in each and every culture of the world from the most primitive human tribes and clans to the modern contemporary society. With the increase in population of the world at large, the tribes and communities grew widely and developed into society. The crime rate also got its place along with the growth of civilization with an upward trend and increase. The need of rules and system was felt to preserve peace and harmony. Subsequently, social norms, mores and taboos were determined to bring regularity in society. Socio-cultural and political authorities came into being with the passage of time, to evade disturbance and control deviancy from the prescribed manners prevailing in some specific area. Punishment and penalties were implemented leading towards the formulation of the sets of laws and penal codes. Agencies were originated to cope with the individuals deteriorating the peace and stability of society. Abnormal attitude creating public nuisance was declared as crime against the state and its individuals. Durkheim views crime, states Coser (1977:141), as normal in terms of its occurrence, and even as having positive social functions in terms of its consequences. In his words: "Where crime exists, collective sentiments are sufficiently flexible to take on a new form, and crime sometimes helps to determine the form they will take. How many times, indeed, it is only an anticipation of future morality--a step toward what will be." As criminal behavior contains universality in its concept, it is not limited to one social class or age group only. Though there is no hard and fast rule for the victimization of specific crime on specific group, yet there are some types of pestering which can be attributed to particular group or class. The nature of crimes varies from one age

Government Managing the Economy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Government Managing the Economy - Coursework Example The government employs the use of fiscal and monetary policy in controlling the economy. The fiscal policy uses spending and taxation to bring about stability. The monetary policy applies the use of the use of key tools by the central bank to bring about stability in cases of excess or limited liquidity in the economy. These roles can only be played by the government which confirms how important the role of government in the economy is. The government plays a critical role in capital budgeting through adoption of the various techniques in its public expenditure decisions. Just like individual firms, the government engages in authorization of capital spending on long-term projects that are of great significance to the entire nation. This is done through qualitative and quantitative analysis of projects (Lee, et. Al, 2012). Provision of pubic goods in the economy is done by the government. These are goods that the society need for their survival and are meant to benefit everyone. If the provision of such goods is left in the hands of the private sector, many people will not be able to access such goods owing to the profit making initiative of private firms (Goldin, 1994). The government plays a vital role in creating order within the economy which is very critical for elimination of social unrest and political upheaval. Such order by the government eliminates social evils such as corruption, hoarding, smuggling of goods and operation of black market that sell illegal products in the economy. The economic policies applied by the government assist in maintaining the stability of the local currency thus promoting international trade and

Wepons and selfdefence concerns in the USA and the UK Essay

Wepons and selfdefence concerns in the USA and the UK - Essay Example From a simple theft to a terrorist bombing, firearms play a vital role in committing crime. Do guns really help private citizens prevent crime through active self-defence and deterrence Or are they mostly used by criminals. This paper opens a window on empirical questions that have generated a small mountain of conflicting facts and opinions. There are several different factors behind the dilemma confronted by the new generation, which not only relates to the psychological factors but also emotional factors cannot be ignored in mentioning and analysing the reasons behind holding weapons. Robberies and assaults committed with guns can be a result of mental frustration resulting in the victim's death than are similar violent crimes committed with other weapons. According to case fatality rate for gun robbery, it is found that it is three times as high as for robberies with knives and ten times as high as for robberies with other weapons. "Similarly, in injuries resulting from criminal assault the case-fatality rate is closely linked to the type of weapon, as is also the case for family violence". (Cook, 2000, p. 35) There is another aspect of the same picture which states that there is much more concern of crime with weapons and self defence other than psychological one. Crime, either done with the help of weapons or without weapons, when analysed in the thought of basic assumptions, upholds the following reasons behind it: Crime is caused by the individual exercise of free will. Human beings are fundamentally rational, and most human behaviour is the result of free will coupled with rational choice. Pain and pleasure are the two central determinants of human behaviour. Crime disparages the quality of the bond, which exists between individuals and society and is therefore an immoral form of behaviour. Punishment, a necessary evil, is sometimes required to deter law violators and to serve as an example to others who would also violate the law. Crime prevention is possible through swift and certain punishment, which offsets any gains to be had through criminal behaviour. (Schmalleger, 1999, p. 230) As far as self-defence is concerned, policy interventions intended to separate guns from violence may have the perverse effect of increasing the amount of violence, and in some cases even making it more harmful. "The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), a national survey based in United States for criminology gathers information on assault, burglary, larceny, theft and robbery and is generally considered as the most reliable source of information on predatory crime as it has been in the field continuously since 1973 and incorporates the best thinking of survey methodologists. From this source, it appears that use of guns in self-defence against criminal predation is rather rare, occurring on the order of 100,000 times per year. Of particular interest is the likelihood that a gun will be used in self-defence against a home intruder. One study of data from the NCVS found that only 3% of victims were able to deploy a gun against someone who broke in while they were at home. Reme mbering that 40% of all households have a gun, we conclude that it is quite rare for victims to be able to deploy a gun against intruders even when they have one available". (Cook, 2000, p. 37) Gun Oriented Policies Law enforcement

Remix Culture and Postmodernism | Essay

Remix Culture and Postmodernism | Essay The identity of our society fluxes continually with time change- as was noted by Greek-free-thinker, Heraclitus- when he expressed the impossibility of one to jump into a particular river more than once. This point of view about the dynamic nature of society continued for long when philosophers became rather convinced that the onward drive of society hinged on immutable laws. Recently, the evolutionally nature of society is considered to be progressive and that it relents more or less on pastiche, parody, or self-conscious appropriations through arts, philosophy and other humankind-related-creativity that are projecting civil, modern, and modernized society into the post-modern era, arguably. This paper will discuss Post-Modernism and how remix culture has affected or influenced it. Chances offered by discussed remix strategies to cultural and political critiques of post-modernism will also be considered. However, to appreciate the influence of remix-culture on post-modernism, it is appropriate to discussion the evolutionally path of post-modernism. Hence, the paper will address the topic using the approach. Evolution of Post-modernism By the end of the 1970s, the question began to be considered among French thinkers about the soar of society, and whether it was driven at all. There was the denier of the point that humans were still in the modern period which had been introduced by Enlightenment, two centuries back (Lash, Samuel and Friedman James. 1992). To this school of thought, modernization introduced a period of scientific thinking and capitalistic industrialization as well as the likelihood of nuclear battles, slavery and neo-colonialism, horror, racism, Euro-centralization, and immense hunger in third world countries. The legacies of Enlightenment were not particularly friendly, then, the thinkers concluded (Anderson, Paul. 1998). It was better to consider the theories by which modernism stood as been harmful and terrible. Certainly, humankind had moved completely ahead of modernism into a post-modern age. Post-Modernism Post-modernism has been defined as a propensity in present-day culture typified by rebuff of purposeful truth and worldwide traditional meta-narrative or accountability (Jameson, Fredrick. 1991). However, this definition cannot be relied on completely because it falls to identify completely with the wide viewpoints of post-modernism which include response to the implicitly scientific nature, objectivity, and attempt to elucidate reality. The definition has also not complied with the fact that: Postmodernism is used in critical theory to refer to a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architecture, cinema, journalism, and design, as well as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of law, culture, and religion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries (Georg, Iggers. 1997). There is a complexity in finding a very reliable definition that satisfies completely the topic of post modernism, therefore, due to its much diversified nature as the majority of definitions on the topic are terribly vague and habitually incoherent to others. There is a further complexity in deep differentiation between modernism and post modernism since the both could be linked with intellectual movements and aesthetics which are common in literary arts and philosophy. †¦modernity and post-modernity have tended to be used to refer to changes in social and economic institutions (Giddens, Amber. 1990). The context of knowledge of post-modernism, and how it is affected by remix-cultures, will be limited in this paper to two distinct examples: Arts and philosophy. This is imperative to limit the discussion to the question as well as to avoid perplexity. Art In consideration of post-modern art, it is proper to state that this is a little more than sculptural and paint art. Post-modern art also involves architectural, musical, dramatic, and literary arts with a major undefined meaning and depth. It is characterized by content and form diversity. Thus, art critics have based their critic of post-modern art on the characteristic of its vagueness. For example, Callinicos argued: †¦ multidimensional and slippery space of post-modernism [where] anything goes with anything, like a game without rules. Floating images †¦ maintain no relationship with anything at all, and meaning becomes detachable like the keys on a key ring. Dissociated and decontextualized, they slide past one another failing to link up into a coherent sequence. Their fluctuating but not reciprocal interactions are unable to fix meaning (Callinicos, Awender. 1989). The ready acceptance to this critic is based on the non-specified emergent style of architectural works around us in the past few decades. Building architects seem to be entirely dependent on remix of the past works. Most of the most adored cities around us are actually product of rejuvenation by certain architects in a quest to gratify their proficient fantasies. A very interesting illustration of this is the London Docklands. Even in developing countries like Nigeria, in Africa, art has gone old school and fashion, music and architecture has followed suite. Another critic says: Using operatic arias to promote football matches, classical music to persuade us to fly a particular airline, watching Pavarotti in the Park there is no longer a distinction between high and popular culture [anything goes with anything, like a game without rules] (Layder, Dye. 1994). The medias increase and power, culturally, through films, television or advertisements has contributed immensely to the perception people have on society. Kumar is of the point of view that post-modernists consider the media slightly differently from the customary idea of a mere communication means. The present-day media, for them, is not quite a communicational device; it is an entirely fresh environment for the present-day human- the kind of environment were one is entirely engrossed to social epistemology. People can interact with computers for hours in total contempt of the company. Kumar concludes: The media have created a new electronic reality, suffused with images and symbols, which has obliterated any sense of an objective reality behind the symbols †¦ In hyperreality it is no longer possible to distinguish the imaginary from the real (Kumar, Kanger. 1997). This viewpoint was first recognized by Baudrillard Jean who initiated the theory of reality as been an interchange of signs and ops in semantic acts through digital technology and electronic media for the consumption of the viewer. The theory contended that in a situation as stated, there is a detachment of the subjects from the results of occurrences (including artistic, philosophical or personal) such that events loss identifiable perspective. He held to the claim that a steady flow of forms and orientation that do not posses a direct effect a viewer would certainly create a gap between an object, indiscernibly, and appearance, and would result, paradoxically, to holography of appearance. The lost of identity of works of art in our time results into parody in the sense that they utilize cynical approaches by imitating previous works of arts of earlier years. To some extent, this works are not meant to mock previous art works. However, they embedment in a description of pastiche, parody, or self-conscious is totally identified by the lost of originality in such works. Recently, the imitation of previous art pieces seems to by primarily accepted by national laws through the limitation of copy rights. For example, it is believed: Film is a popular industry where a parody may be created. Iconic films that contain a parody of an original work include the Scary Movie series, which are spoofs of many top box office horror films and Spaceballs, which spoofs the George Lucas film Star Wars. Similarly, the tendency for parody in music is overwhelming. Already, there is an existing market for parody music and it is growing rapidly. Philosophy During the latter part of the 1960s, the US and Western Europe were caught up in political dilemma. Tendencies for significant political transformation in the year 1968 were obvious in the Western world consequent of movement such as the Chicano which sort for true liberation for minors. In France, the fight was debatably rather severe. This resulted to weakening of the large sway which had previously been exercised by the gargantuan Communist Party (where a majority of scholars owned reasonable commitment). This disenchantment resulted to their detachment from political affairs and consequent disbelief in political theories like Marxism. Even though they had many discrepancies, they accepted the fact of a disconnected and plural nature identifiable with reality. They disagreed with human thoughts on the possibility to reach significant objective explanations of reality. Ideologies or social theories that supported humankind activities as ways to express the order or progress of soci ety were considered to be vain and without credibility, post-modernist argued. All that was done in time past is rightly in the control of the informed against the non-informed. Implications of Remix Culture on Post-Modernism The implication of remix culture on post-modernism is the lost of values and personal identity. In schools, originality is fast giving way to pastiche. Students are reluctant to learn or interact with society in traditional formats, except through digital machines- which they are heavily reliant on. Obvious, there is a dilemma here! Conclusion This paper takes a look at the evolutionally nature of society considered to be progressive and which relents on pastiche, parody, or self-conscious appropriations through arts, architecture, and other humankind-related-creativity which are projecting civil, modern, and modernized society into the post modern era. It has also discussed Post-Modernism and how remix culture has affected or influenced it.

Aurora- Light of Mystery Essay -- Papers

Aurora- Light of Mystery Text Box: This shuttle image shows the characteristic oval shape of the aurora.i What is aurora? Auroras, or polar lights, are the luminous phenomenon of the upper atmosphere occurs in high latitudes of both hemispheres. Auroras in the northern hemisphere are called aurora borealis and those in the south hemisphere are called aurora australis. Aurora (Latin for 'dawn') is beautiful and amazing lights which are visible in the dark sky in the poles. It can appear as many different forms, but usually it is a greenish quivering glow near the horizon. In 1621 the term 'aurora' was coined by the French astronomer. More and more observations were done and a concrete description was archived soon afterwards. Many theories were developed this phenomenon. Some suggested that it was the reflection of sunlight of artic light and some believed it was the firelight at the edge of the world; however both hypotheses are rejected because it was found that aurora was found 100-400km above the earth surface which is well beyond the atmosphere. Around the 17th century it has been discovered that it is caused by the interaction between energetic plasma particles from outside atmosphere with atoms of higher atmosphere. Till now, not all the questions about aurora have been answered, but with the escalating astronautic technology, we have a much better understanding on this puzzling phenomenon. How does aurora form? At every moment the sun is giving out charged particles in solar wind. Some of these particles are captured by the earth magnetic field and the bombardment of the solar wind with the atmospheric particles... ...aurora_e/index.html The Exploration of the Earth's Magnetosphere. http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wmap.html Learning about Aurora. http://sprg.ssl.berkeley.edu/~cyclopi/lesson1.html Applied physics laboratory site. http://www.jhuapl.edu/newscenter/pressreleases/1998/auroras.htm NASA website. http://www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Web Exhibits site. http://webexhibits.org/ Britannica Online. http://www.britannica.com/ Hyperphysics. http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/hph.html Evaluation on resource: My source information comes from books, journals and internet. The information about most topics is quite consistent except the formation of voltage drop in the aurora acceleration region. There are many theories explaining the phenomenon, but I only concentrated on the two main ones.